case 1 stuxnet and cyberwarfare

Starting with the development of Stuxnet, which displayed a previously undiscovered level of complexity utilizing multiple zero-day exploits, a new modern-day arms race for advanced cyber - . And it has become an assumed truth that in any future conflict, the . normally when they were actually tearing themselves apart. 6.1.3 Illustrative Attack Case: Stuxnet. Stuxnet targets supervisory control and data acquisition ( SCADA) systems and is believed to be responsible for causing substantial damage to the nuclear program of Iran. The Center for International Security and Cooperation is a center of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. [121], An analysis by the FAS demonstrates that Iran's enrichment capacity grew during 2010. And no one is . The program then awaits further instructions from these servers. Its funny because a lot of people still dont know Stuxnet or havent even heard of it, Zetter said. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, normally when they were actually tearing themselves. The worm consists of a layered attack against three different systems: Stuxnet attacked Windows systems using an unprecedented four zero-day attacks (plus the CPLINK vulnerability and a vulnerability used by the Conficker worm[63]). [110], The Associated Press reported that the semi-official Iranian Students News Agency released a statement on 24 September 2010 stating that experts from the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran met in the previous week to discuss how Stuxnet could be removed from their systems. While the individual engineers behind Stuxnet haven't been identified, we know that they were very skilled, and that there were a lot of them. The three classes of cyberattacks are massive theft of intellectual property from . In some cases, answers can be gleaned from treaties and customary international law but in other instances, solutions are seemingly intractable, begging for solutions that may only be answered by technology itself. When the anti-virus experts saw the code of the virus, they realized . Security Examiners, views Stuxnet as a weapons delivery system like the B-2 Bomber. That description should probably make it clear that Stuxnet was a part of a high-level sabotage operation waged by nation-states against their adversaries. The Stuxnet worm is a high-visibility example of the use of malware (viruses) to One of Duqu's actions is to steal digital certificates used for CSC 270. An office in Iran (not part of the nuclear program) was experiencing mysterious reboots and blue screens of death, which were even affecting computers with fresh OS installs. The question is, are we equipped, ready to handle the ramifications of what this can cause. The sheer number of vulnerabilities exploited is unusual, as typically zero-days are quickly patched in the wake of an attack and so a hacker won't want to reveal so many in a single attack. It is an example of cyber- The three classes of cyber attacks are intellectual property theft, which degrades the economic competitiveness. Info.System (MISY 302), Avar Kamps,Makine Mhendislii (46000), Power distribution and utilization (EE-312), 0 Rapport de stage au niveau du service des urgences, Stock Watson 3U Exercise Solutions Chapter 5 Instructors, Applications OF Linear Equations IN Business, EBCU 001;Education Research(Research Methods), Chapter 4 Questions - Test Bank used by Dr. Ashley, mcq-interval-estimation-with-correct-answers.pdf, Commercial Geography Final Notes XII Complete, Assignment 1. The US Department of Homeland Security National Cyber Security Division (NCSD) operates the Control System Security Program (CSSP). Bumgarner pointed out that the centrifuges used to process fuel for nuclear weapons are a key target for cybertage operations and that they can be made to destroy themselves by manipulating their rotational speeds. ties, including the United States? Just as the use of nuclear weapons on Japan . Experts believe that Israel also somehow acquired P-1s and tested Stuxnet on the centrifuges, installed at the Dimona facility that is part of its own nuclear program. The event is considered to be historic because it was the first. Stuxnet and Cyberwarfare Case Study-Jason Smith.docx. The basic premise that all of these documents share is that prevention requires a multi-layered approach, often termed defense in depth. ), Financial Accounting: Building Accounting Knowledge (Carlon; Shirley Mladenovic-mcalpine; Rosina Kimmel), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart), Environmental Pollution and Control (P. Arne Vesilin; Ruth F. Weiner), Principios de medicina interna, 19 ed. Mike McConnell, the former director of national intelligence, stated that if even a single large American So a tool like Stuxnet is Israel's obvious weapon of choice. ongoing activities punctuated by major events. Stuxnet reportedly compromised Iranian PLCs, collecting information on industrial systems and causing the fast-spinning centrifuges to tear themselves apart. [160], Stratfor documents released by WikiLeaks suggest that the international security firm believes that Israel is behind Stuxnet "But we can't assume that because they did Stuxnet that they are capable of doing this blast as well". Security researchers are still building off of Stuxnet to discover new attack techniques. The North Korean nuclear program shares many similarities with the Iranian, both having been developed with technology transferred by Pakistani nuclear scientist A.Q. Initial reports On 24 July 2012, an article by Chris Matyszczyk from CNET[34] reported how the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran e-mailed F-Secure's chief research officer Mikko Hyppnen to report a new instance of malware. This harm could include disruption of vital computer systems up to the loss of life. 4. nation. Another secretly recorded what normal operations at the nuclear plant looked like and then (In April 2009, Other experts believe that a US-Israel cooperation is unlikely because "the level of trust between the two countries' intelligence and military establishments is not high. program. greatly expands the reach of the Internet to automobiles, appliances, aircraft, The United States has thrust itself and the world into the era of cyber warfare, Kim Zetter, an award-winning cybersecurity journalist for WIRED magazine, told a Stanford audience. Copyright 2022 IDG Communications, Inc. With technology that being utilized worldwide to control the missiles and warfare, having a cyber-threat is as serious as or even more serious than having a physical threat. Stuxnet was designed to hit one specific target in the entire. of pursuing multiple Iranian objectives including key oil export hubs. Copyright 2022 Kenneth Laudon and Jane Laudon. In 2016, it was revealed that General James Cartwright, the former head of the U.S. Strategic Command, had leaked information related to Stuxnet. Symantec Corporation, February 2011, 7. The first outsiders to notice the effects of the worm were inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), who were permitted access to the Natanz facility. It's now widely accepted that Stuxnet was created by the intelligence agencies of the United States and Israel. rely on these materials. On June 17th, 2010, security researchers at a small Belarusian firm known as VirusBlockAda identified malicious software (malware) that infected USB memory sticks.1 In the months that followed, there was a flurry of activity in the computer security community - revealing that this discovery . At the time, of course, nobody had any idea that computer malware was causing this. For Zetter there is also irony to the use of cyber weapons to combat nuclear weapons. BUS 345. Prevention of control system security incidents,[80] such as from viral infections like Stuxnet, is a topic that is being addressed in both the public and the private sector. Cyber warfare began in 2010 with Stuxnet, which was the first cyber weapon meant to cause physical damage. In July 2010, reports surfaced about a Stuxnet worm that had been targeting Irans nuclear facilities. credit card fraud, and spyware. Stuxnet: Cyberwarfare Janaree Nagel Network Security CMIT 320 Professor: Martin Weiss, UMUC f Cyberwarfare is on the rise that is obvious. Operation Olympic Games was seen as a nonviolent alternative. He reported that his company had begun the cleanup process at Iran's "sensitive centres and organizations. [129][90] Yossi Melman, who covers intelligence for Israeli newspaper Haaretz and wrote a book about Israeli intelligence, also suspected that Israel was involved, noting that Meir Dagan, the former (up until 2011) head of the national intelligence agency Mossad, had his term extended in 2009 because he was said to be involved in important projects. in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. [1, 2] Stuxnet was the first ever . "[152], In April 2011, Iranian government official Gholam Reza Jalali stated that an investigation had concluded that the United States and Israel were behind the Stuxnet attack. The purpose of the Stuxnet is to monitor and acquire data of a . When anti-virus experts saw the virus code, they understood that it was a . Stuxnet exploited multiple previously unknown Windows zero days. The malware is able to modify the code on PLC devices unnoticed, and subsequently to mask its presence from WinCC if the control software attempts to read an infected block of memory from the PLC system. b. equivalent of a nuclear weapon. discovered in September 2011, also aims to steal information by scanning systems. [75], Stuxnet's payload targets only those SCADA configurations that meet criteria that it is programmed to identify.[38]. These same techniques can be used in cyberwar, where one nation attacks another by dealing decisive blows against its infrastructure. time, societies and economies would collapse in a matter of weeks. a well-constructed, multi-pronged attack such as Stuxnet. Kaspersky Lab's Roel Schouwenberg estimated that it took a team of ten coders two to three years to create the worm in its final form. certain that the Stuxnet attacks are over. [140] Also, the number 19790509 appears once in the code and may refer to the date 1979 May 09, the day Habib Elghanian, a Persian Jew, was executed in Tehran. Yet the botnet attacks directly supported Russian state policy. Rejected Aid for Israeli Raid on Iranian Nuclear Site", "Cyberwar Issues Likely to Be Addressed Only After a Catastrophe", "Hoe onderschept de NSA ons dataverkeer? . The PLC contains soft- digital warehouses of national defense agencies throughout the world, principally in the company Kaspersky Labs speculates that the worm was launched with nation state support (probably from W32.Stuxnet Dossier Version 1.4. Several different agencies, including the Pentagon and the National Security Agency (NSA), have their The damage was irreparable and undetected. While security researchers don't have access to the Stuxnet codebase, they've been able to learn a lot by studying it, and have determined that it was written in multiple languages, including C, C++, and probably several other object-oriented languages. In these types of attacks, nation-state actors attempt to disrupt the activities of organizations or nation-states, especially for strategic or military purposes and cyberespionage. Jay Ann Karen Chan (L30040637) Current Topics Info Technology March 31, 2021 Stuxnet and Cyberwarfare Case Study 1. They would be arranged in eight arrays and that there would be 168 centrifuges in each array. "[38], A Wired magazine article about US General Keith B. Alexander stated: "And he and his cyber warriors have already launched their first attack. In July 2008, INL and Siemens publicly announced flaws in the control system at a Chicago conference; Stuxnet exploited these holes in 2009. Iranian Oil Ministry and the National Iranian Oil Company clean. With more than 30,000 IP addresses affected in Iran, an official said that the infection was fast spreading in Iran and the problem had been compounded by the ability of Stuxnet to mutate. [25] Siemens stated that the worm has caused no damage to its customers,[15] but the Iran nuclear program, which uses embargoed Siemens equipment procured secretly, has been damaged by Stuxnet. Lebanon, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, and Israel. Stuxnet contributed to dissension and frustration among the upper ranks of Irans government (the head of Irans nuclear program was replaced) and bought time for harsh economic sanctions to impact the Iranian public. [76] Stuxnet installs malware into memory block DB890 of the PLC that monitors the Profibus messaging bus of the system. The software STUXNET AND THE CHANGING FACE OF CYBERWARFARE. Laura Rachele Galeotti. Zetters book follows computer security researchers from around the world as they discover and disassemble Stuxnet over the course of months, much longer than any time spent on typical malware. Course Title CS 1 Uploaded By mp797 Pages 2 Ratings 100% (1) This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 2 pages. Stuxnet is reported to have destroyed 20% of the centrifuges Iran used to create its nuclear arsenal.. Then, between 2014 and 2016, Russia launched a series of strategic attacks against Ukraine and the German parliament. The malware targeted the computer systems controlling physical infrastructure such as centrifuges and gas valves. The attack of Russia against Ukraine has brought Cyberwarfare, meaning the cybernetic war between states, to the attention of the world. One observation is that it may be harder to destroy centrifuges by use of cyber attacks than often believed. The malware targeted a power plant and some other industries in Hormozgan province in recent months. Stuxnet. LEU quantities could have certainly been greater, and Stuxnet could be an important part of the reason why they did not increase significantly. and materials from this site should not be made available to students except by instructors using Doing so intercepts communications between the WinCC software running under Windows and the target Siemens PLC devices, when the two are connected via a data cable. Stuxnet is a powerful computer worm designed by U.S. and Israeli intelligence that to disable a key part of the Iranian nuclear program. PLCs are how computers interact with and control industrial machinery like uranium centrifuges. According to Beaumont (2010), the Stuxnet incident has some similarities to the recently revealed 2008 cyberattack on the US base in the Middle East. Thats exactly what we were seeing in the code.". level of cyberattack, and the effects of such an attack would likely be devastating. A tale of malware, AC/DC, and Iran's nukes", "Iran 'fends off new Stuxnet cyber attack', "Stuxnet, gone rogue, hit Russian nuke plant, space station", "Experts Warn of New Windows Shortcut Flaw", "How digital detectives deciphered Stuxnet, the most menacing malware in history", "Stuxnet opens cracks in Iran nuclear program", "Myrtus and Guava: the epidemic, the trends, the numbers", "Researchers say Stuxnet was deployed against Iran in 2007", "Stuxnet Under the Microscope, Revision 1.31", "Super Virus A Target For Cyber Terrorists", "A Fanny Equation: "I am your father, Stuxnet", "SAS 2019: Stuxnet-Related APTs Form Gossip Girl, an 'Apex Threat Actor', "CSEC SIGINT Cyber Discovery: Summary of the current effort", "Territorial Dispute NSA's perspective on APT landscape", "Big Game Hunting: The Peculiarities of Nation-State Malware Research", "GOSSIPGIRL Stuxnet group had '4th man;' unknown version of Flame & Duqu found", "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-061 - Critical", "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS08-067 - Critical", "The Emerald Connection: EquationGroup collaboration with Stuxnet", "Israel Tests on Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay", "Conficker Worm: Help Protect Windows from Conficker", "Creating Malware using the Stuxnet LNK Exploit", "Blockbuster Worm Aimed for Infrastructure, But No Proof Iran Nukes Were Target", "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-061 Critical", "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-046 Critical", "Ralph's Step-By-Step Guide to Get a Crack at Stuxnet Traffic and Behaviour", "Vulnerability Summary for CVE-2010-2772", "SIMATIC WinCC / SIMATIC PCS 7: Information concerning Malware / Virus / Trojan", "Siemens warns Stuxnet targets of password risk", "Stuxnet also found at industrial plants in Germany", "Repository of Industrial Security Incidents", "DHS National Cyber Security Division's CSSP", "ISA99, Industrial Automation and Control System Security", "Industrial communication networks Network and system security Part 2-1: Establishing an industrial automation and control system security program", International Electrotechnical Commission, "Stuxnet worm is the 'work of a national government agency', "Clues Emerge About Genesis of Stuxnet Worm", "Iran confirms Stuxnet found at Bushehr nuclear power plant", "Stuxnet malware is 'weapon' out to destroy Iran's Bushehr nuclear plant? Stuxnet was able to crash power grids or destroy oil pipelines. "This is the first attack of a major nature in which a cyberattack was used to effect physical destruction . In November of that year, Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad publicly acknowledged that malicious software had infected Iranian nuclear facilities and disrupted the nuclear program by disabling the facilities' centrifuges. Stuxnet and Cyberwarfare Cyberespionage: The Chinese Threat. Iran has reported the virus caused Part of the IAEA's job was to inspect damaged centrifuges that were being removed from the facility to make sure they weren't being used to smuggle uranium out to some other plant that wasn't on the international community's radar. Copyright 2023 IDG Communications, Inc. Ilyaliren / Sandipkumar Patel / Getty Images, CSO provides news, analysis and research on security and risk management, derail, or at least delay, the Iranian program to develop nuclear weapons, listed Stuxnet as one of the successes under his watch, took a team of ten coders two to three years, set the program back by at least two years, spent the evening on the phone with his Iranian friend, particularly in the Russia-Ukraine conflict, The 10 most powerful cybersecurity companies, 7 hot cybersecurity trends (and 2 going cold), The Apache Log4j vulnerabilities: A timeline, Using the NIST Cybersecurity Framework to address organizational risk, 11 penetration testing tools the pros use. "[61] While the worm is promiscuous, it makes itself inert if Siemens software is not found on infected computers, and contains safeguards to prevent each infected computer from spreading the worm to more than three others, and to erase itself on 24 June 2012.[38]. Cyberwarfare is computer- or network-based conflict involving politically motivated attacks by a nation-state on another nation-state. The New York Times quoted anonymous U.S. officials claiming responsibility for Stuxnet. But in 2010, the IAEA started noticing an unusually high number of damaged centrifuges, with one inspector estimating that almost 2,000 were rendered inoperable. Stuxnet's mission was to activate only computers that ran Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. Until the vulnerability is mitigated, hackers can exploit it to adversely affect computer programs, data, additional computers or a network. [45][65] The driver signing helped it install kernel mode rootkit drivers successfully without users being notified, and thus it remained undetected for a relatively long period of time. If there's any threat coming from Stuxnet, it's one that emanates from its descendants. Additionally, in 2010 Israel grew to expect that Iran would have a nuclear weapon in 2014 or 2015 at least three years later than earlier estimates without the need for an Israeli military attack on Iranian nuclear facilities; "They seem to know something, that they have more time than originally thought", he added. Stuxnet targets supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and is believed to be responsible for causing substantial damage to the nuclear program of Iran. The worm was declared ready to test against the real target: Iran's underground enrichment plant. Khan. Why or [112] And, in late 2010 Borg stated, "Israel certainly has the ability to create Stuxnet and there is little downside to such an attack because it would be virtually impossible to prove who did it. Symantec released this information in September of 2010; analysts who had gotten wind of the IAEA's observation of damaged Iranian centrifuges began to understand what was happening. [77] Siemens also advises immediately upgrading password access codes. "[180] While that may be the case, the media coverage has also increased awareness of cyber security threats. [91] But after subsequent research, Schneier stated in 2012 that "we can now conclusively link Stuxnet to the centrifuge structure at the Natanz nuclear enrichment lab in Iran". Following the Wired piece, Holger Stark called Stuxnet the "first digital weapon of geopolitical importance, it could change the way wars are fought. Stuxnet refers to a malicious computer worm discovered in 2010 and alleged to have been established by both the U.S. and Israel to target Iran's nuclear system. The Cyber Warfare in Persian Gulf. only became active when it encountered a specific configuration of controllers, running a set of processes 4. [149], The fact that John Bumgarner, a former intelligence officer and member of the United States Cyber-Consequences Unit (US-CCU), published an article prior to Stuxnet being discovered or deciphered, that outlined a strategic cyber strike on centrifuges[150] and suggests that cyber attacks are permissible against nation states which are operating uranium enrichment programs that violate international treaties gives some credibility to these claims. Stuxnet: Cyberwar Revolution in Military Affairs. As long as you're practicing the basics of good cyber hygiene, keeping your OS and security software up to date, you don't have much to worry about. Hadassah was the birth name of the former Jewish queen of Persia, Queen Esther. [31] According to The Daily Telegraph, a showreel that was played at a retirement party for the head of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), Gabi Ashkenazi, included references to Stuxnet as one of his operational successes as the IDF chief of staff. [92], Ralph Langner, the researcher who identified that Stuxnet infected PLCs,[21] first speculated publicly in September 2010 that the malware was of Israeli origin, and that it targeted Iranian nuclear facilities. The study indicated that Iran's centrifuges appeared to be performing 60% better than in the previous year, which would significantly reduce Tehran's time to produce bomb-grade uranium. CASE The list of cyberattacks against business firms and government agencies keeps Center for International Security and Cooperation, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, The New York Times quoted anonymous U.S. officials. That attack made global news headlines in 2010 when it was first discovered. In the following illustrative case, we revisit some of the . [87][88], Experts believe that Stuxnet required the largest and costliest development effort in malware history. Cyberwarfare is typically defined as a set of actions by a nation or organization to attack countries or institutions' computer network systems with the intention of . While it is not the first time that hackers have targeted industrial systems,[14] nor the first publicly known intentional act of cyberwarfare to be implemented, it is the first discovered malware that spies on and subverts industrial systems,[15] and the first to include a programmable logic controller (PLC) rootkit. Duqu infects a very These same techniques can be used in Siemens centrifuges to enrich uranium. The virus works by infecting industrial control devices called Eventually, after three to six months of reverse engineering, "we were able to determine, I would say, 99 percent of everything that happens in the code," O'Murchu said. What are the five differences between cyberwarfare and traditional warefare? Joshua Alvarez was a 2012 CISAC Honors Student. [76] Furthermore, it monitors the frequency of the attached motors, and only attacks systems that spin between 807Hz and 1,210Hz. was to activate only computers that ran Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) software used "You can read the International Atomic Energy Associations documentation online about how to inspect a uranium enrichment facility, and in that documentation they specify exactly what you would see in the uranium facilityhow many frequency converters there will be, how many centrifuges there would be. [23][89][90] The self-destruct and other safeguards within the code implied that a Western government was responsible, or at least is responsible for its development. View full document CHAPTER 8 SECURING INFORMATION SYSTEMS CASE 1 STUXNET AND CYBERWARFARE 1. He later pleaded guilty for lying to FBI agents pursuing an investigation into the leak. Cyberwarfare is definitely a serious problem that should be addressed. Remember, Stuxnet affects PLCs, so you'll want to keep any operational technology as secure as possible as well. If both the conditions are fulfilled, Stuxnet introduces the infected rootkit onto the PLC and Step7 software, modifying the code and giving unexpected commands to the PLC while returning a loop of normal operation system values back to the users. [38][61][62] Such complexity is very unusual for malware. ", "Obama Administration Admits Cyberattacks Against Iran Are Part of Joint US-Israeli Offensive", "WikiLeaks: the US advised to sabotage Iran nuclear sites by German thinktank", "U.S. In the months that followed, there was a flurry of activity in the computer security . warfare because it was launched by one nation against another nation with Stuxnet was designed to hit one specific target in the entire world. Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger), Junqueira's Basic Histology (Anthony L. Mescher). [52] GOSSIP GIRL is a cooperative umbrella that includes the Equation Group, Flame, Duqu, and Flowershop (also known as 'Cheshire Cat').[53][54][55]. Many in the U.S. believed the spread was the result of code modifications made by the Israelis; then-Vice President Biden was said to be particularly upset about this. The objective of this thesis was to research historical cyber-warfare incidents from the past to current and map the cyberrelevant -warfare data in a well-known framework called
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